The Causes And Treatment Of Dialysis - 1280 Words

DIALYSIS Being one of the eight leading causes of death in the United States, kidney disease is very life threatening. Many people carry on day-to-day routines with no knowledge of the signs to be aware of when developing kidney failure. The two main causes of kidney failure are high blood pressure and diabetes. For people with kidney failure, options for treatment become dialysis or to receive a kidney transplant. Since the process for a kidney transplant could take years, many people choose to receive dialysis treatment. The process of dialysis serves as a substitute for the kidneys and clinically flushes the blood of any impurities. The process of dialysis evolved in the twentieth century. After watching a man die due to kidney failure, Dr. Willem Kolff (father of dialysis) discovered the first artificial kidney. In 1943, Dr. Kolff’s mission to invent the first artificial kidney was a success. During the era, of World War II, the artificial dialyzers helped save many soldier’s lives. Because of this great invention, many kidney patients were able to live longer which gave them a greater chance of survival. Because dialysis changed the life expectancy of the patients, many were able to receive transplants. The first kidney transplant was performed in the early 1950’s. Since this invention was created, many technological improvements have come along which is making it possible for the people effected by kidney disease to live long, meaningful lives. Acute renalShow MoreRelatedDiabetic Nephropathy : An Irreversible Kidney Failure843 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetic nephropathy, an irreversible kidney failure, continues to be the most common cause of end stage renal disease requiring either a kidney transplant or renal replacement therapies, such as dialysis (Bilous, 2013). Worldwide, approximately fifty percent of cases of end-stage chronic kidney disease are caused by diabetes mellitus, with type II comprising the majority (Vladu, 2014). The prevalence of diabetes has been estimated to increase worldwide with the total number of diabetics rising fromRead MoreResearch Study On Kidney Disease1433 Words   |  6 Pages15%. This does not end of your life. At stage 5, dialysis or kidney transplant is required to sustain life. (The Kidney Foundation of Canada, 2006) Table 1 The Five Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease as Defined by the National Kidney Foundation STAGE DESCRIPTION GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 1 Kidney damage with normal or ↑ GFR ≠¥ 90 2 Kidney damage with mild ↓GFR 60 - 89 3 Moderate ↓ GFR 30 – 59 4 Severe ↓ GFR 15 – 29 5 Kidney failure 15 or dialysis GFR, glomerular filtration rate. From National KidneyRead MoreDialysis Research Paper869 Words   |  4 PagesDialysis Dialysis is a treatment for those with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Damaged or diseased kidneys cannot remove toxins from the body. Dialysis removes the toxins and regulates the pH of the blood when the kidneys do not work. Side Effects of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) and Hemodialysis: * Side effects may be mild or severe, depending on the patient’s condition and whether or not they are following their dietary and fluid restrictions. * Infections Exchanges between the cathetersRead MoreEssay On Haemodialysis917 Words   |  4 Pagesdistal limb ischemia and congestive heart failure (Potisek, KljuÄ evÃ… ¡ek Leskovar, 2017). Although AVF is most recommended for long-term dialysis, it also can be a potential source of morbidity. In 2016, Chapman, Nicdao and Kairaitis stated ESRF patients are already at significant risk of cardiovascular disease, besides low flow may lead to inadequate dialysis, high flow may result in heart failure in this population. In the critiqued article, a study was done by Ghonemy et al. (2016), it shows stenosisRead MorePatient Care Case Study1042 Words   |  5 PagesAdvocacy issue Dialysis clinics like DaVita and Fresenius, being the two largest for-profit corporations are fighting against a proposed Senate Bill No.349 (SB 349, 2017) that would necessitate dialysis clinics in California to have a mandated minimum staffing requirement. Furthermore, SB 349 (2017), as authored by Senator Ricardo Lara, would also require that dialysis clinics to provide patients with forty-five (45) minute transition time, and frequent inspection be done yearly instead of everyRead MoreTreatment And Treatment Of Dialysis Treatment1380 Words   |  6 Pagestherefore a process known as dialysis can be a life sustaining measure until a suitable donor is matched. Dialysis has been found to temporarily alleviate the condition, but only for an average of 5-10 years with some outliers of 20-30 years (Source 1). The incidence of dialysis users has been on the rise since 1978, with approximately 113,000 patients in the USA receiving dialysis as of 2009. There are two different types of dialysis treatment, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The table below illustratesRead MoreKidney677 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent ways it can cause bone breakage; fluid overload causes pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, anemia, and decrease in quality of life. The person I interviewed was a Chronic Renal Failure patient that has been on dialysis for about 4 years. 1. How would you rate your overall health? I.B. I have been fairly good I have good days and bad days but I am so tired after I go to dialysis it really drains me until all I do is sleep all day after the treatment. 2. What is your raceRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Chronic Kidney Disease845 Words   |  4 Pagesless than 60 ml/min and has persisted longer than three months. The disease is irreversible and treatment must be maintained to preserve the quality of life. Management involves eliminating or controlling factors that may potentially cause additional damage to the kidneys. The leading cause of chronic kidney disease is diabetes mellitus, followed by untreated systemic hypertension. Less common causes include glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, and urologic diseases. An age-related declineRead MoreHeparin In Central Venous Catheters1250 Words   |  5 Pagesvenous catheter (CVC) care; documentation will focus on Heparin flushes as it relates to renal care. The renal dialysis patient undergoes CVC placement as a basis of receiving hemodialysis treatments. It is essentially the first access point placed in preparation of a more permanent access point. Central venous catheters, fistulas, and grafts are considered the lifeline of a dialysis patient. Their function and patency is of the utmost importance to the morbidity and mortality rate of a renalRead MoreYour Kidneys during Acute Renal Failure1447 Words   |  6 Pagesin the blood and make you sick. Kidneys will not be able to maintain homeostasis of electrolytes. A high level of plasma pot assium, sodium concentration, and elevated pH will be evident as well. ARF can be arranged depending upon the underlying cause. Pre-renal is the disruption of flow to the glomerulus. Decrease flow to the afferent arterioles can severely affect the nephrons ability to perform its functions. This is due to an abrupt drop in blood flow because of massive vasoconstriction in relation

The Landlady Free Essays

1. 0 The Landlady Summary The story is about a traveler, Billy Weaver who had never been to Bath. As he tried to find a place to stay, a porter suggested him The Bell and Dragon. We will write a custom essay sample on The Landlady or any similar topic only for you Order Now As he walked down the road, a strange thing happened and he found himself ringing the bell of Bed and Breakfast. A woman was standing in front of the door with a warm welcoming smile. He agreed to stay for five and sixpence a night. The place was seldom visited but the landlady seemed to be ready for a visitor. She reminds him to sign the guestbook. When he jotted down his name and address on the page, there were only two familiar names above his and somehow he felt that both names were connected to each other. Billy felt weird when she described one of them for his non-blemish body. He founds to remember them in the headlines of newspaper for missing persons. He noticed that her eyes resting on his face the whole time. The old lady told him that she stuffed all her pets like what he saw earlier, the parrot and dachshund, in perfect shape as alive by herself when they died. . 0 Personal Response I find The Landlady to be a very interesting story. The storyline is well built. In my opinion, the writer is a genius as he managed to attract me to finish the story from the second I started reading it. The theme of the story is, do not judge a book by its cover. It means that there is always more than just meeting the eyes. In this story, the writer alters my first impressions of the landlady, from a kind lady to a psychopath, through a series of subtle twists and turns. The elements of horror within the story are not explicit but the set up of the story portrayed it excellently. I can tell that the genre of the book is mystery where some of the ingredients of a horror story are set in place like the cold and uneasy atmosphere. It makes me become more curious on what happens next throughout my reading. I have to work out what is really happening by considering a number of subtle hints given at various stages of the action such as why Billy is attracted so much to the Bed and Breakfast, what happened to the two other guests and what will happen to Billy. The main character of the story is The Landlady. She is about fifty years old. At first, she seemed to be a warm person, but gradually, I started to notice there was something fishy about her. At the end, I was surprised to found out that she was indeed a psychotic murderer. This is shown when Billy remembered the previous two names in the guest book of the boarding house, were once in the headlines of the newspaper for missing persons. I learned that we should not judge people only from their appearance and do not trust strangers. At the beginning, I thought that Billy Weaver was the main character. He is a seventeen-year-old traveler from London. He was very brave to travel alone without any proper planning to a completely strange place where he has never been to. One of the key pieces of advice to travel is to plan our journey well. The author leaves the ending of the story hanging to encourage readers to use their own imagination to solve the mystery. In my opinion, Billy will end up just like the previous guest of The Bed and Breakfast, being murdered and preserved. (401 words) How to cite The Landlady, Essay examples

Schedule Driven Project Free-Samples for Studetns-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Engineering projects are generally cost-driven, schedule-driven or a combination of both. Schedule driven projects have not been regarded highly by some project performance analysts. However, a large Design and Construct Contractor in Australia recently expressed the view that the key Driver for successful projects is that they be schedule driven and appropriately coordinated rather than be cost-driven. However, the references below infer that schedule driven projects may not be the way to go. Do you agree or disagree? Answer: The Large Australian design contractor is saying that the schedule driven project will play a significant part than cost driven project. But according to the research of Industry Benchmarking Consortium is suggesting that schedule driven project will not play a vital role as cost driven project (Merrow 2011). The reason behind this is schedule driven project will be incurring high costs, overrunning of cost and incident regarding safety. But according to me, I am with the Australias largest contractor. I think that schedule driven project will play a vital role and will be the key driver. The reasons to agree are stated as follows: Schedule Driven Project is a venture that is performed and overseen under the superseding limitation of time. The administration procedure of such a venture is chiefly in light of the last conveyance date. It really implies that time turns into the key condition for settling on venture administration choices (Frango 2017). Time booking will be the organized action among different exercises, (for example, staffing, planning, quality control and so on.) of the venture administration handle. A venture progresses toward becoming calendar driven when either the support (a man/association putting reserves in the venture) or the client (a man/association expected to utilize/devour the venture's item) decides time as the centre limitation of the usage procedure. The group is permitted to use however many assets as could be expected under the circumstances to execute the venture and make the item inside the coveted conveyance date. Schedule driven projects contrast from asset driver ventures. An asset driver extend has a tendency to expend assets in ideal way since accessibility, quality and amount of venture assets (work force, reserves, innovation and so on.) are viewed as the abrogating imperative. In this manner, the time term of such a venture can be extended as much as required until the venture stays inside the predominant limitation of assets. Schedule driven project provides benefits for managers in the following ways: Defining the Scope- The appropriate schedule template will help to provide good definition of project scope. Scheduling can be used as a primary tool by executives for determining the durations as well as task dependencies. It will help them in relating with the structure of work breakdown. The requirement of time for a job could be estimated accurately. Progress Review- The schedule template could be use effectively to share data related to time with team members as well as higher stakeholders. It helps in communicating and knows about work progress (Yaghootkar and Gil 2012). The project issues are been focused by the reviewers as well as the impact of schedule performance. Compliance with policies and procedures of business- Schedule driven project helps in realizing the objectives of business in a systematic way. It helps in aligning the projects along with procedures as well as policies of organisation. Executives have the option to use templates for complying with the activities of project with the required strategies. Creating schedules for programs- Program administration includes a few or more administrators in overseeing related undertakings running parallel. The test here is that the administrators need to precisely arrange and assign assets between the activities so as to keep arrangement with the whole program. Precise booking lets address the test by recognizing asset accessibility, synchronizing venture exercises and making a solitary calendar for the program. Asset bottlenecks as well as time requirements can be maintained a strategic distance from. Schedule Driven Project also provides benefit for the stakeholder as well as team in following ways: Communications flows in a streamline in between stakeholders when there is a development and of schedule. Establishing of effective streamline communications between the team and stakeholders exists. Allocation of resource: Numerous associations run parallel ventures, and for PMs it winds up plainly difficult to apportion resources to the undertakings and operations and to get ready for the pinnacles and troughs of day by day exercises. Extend plan format guarantees some bit of consistency around asset assignment; giving the administrators enhanced visualise into the request from their synchronous activities (Holler et al. 2014). Unexpected changes being managed- The group is secured against circumstances when the partners (the client or support) need to ask for a startling change that can't be obliged in the workplace without unnatural practices. The venture plan decides a correct course of events with particular activities that must be done, while any surprising change ought to be overseen in like manner all through the change administration handle (Kerzner 2013). Right Focus- When team is stuck in an important task at that schedule driving project provides a template that exhibits schedule of project. It helps the team to move on to the next part of project and therefore the work continues in a streamline path (Grau and Back 2015). The above stated advantages can make schedule driven project to be a significant driver. References Frango, R. (2017). Schedule Driven Projects | Project Controls - planning, scheduling, cost management and forensic analysis (Planning Planet). [online] Planningplanet.com. Available at: https://www.planningplanet.com/blog/schedule-driven-projects [Accessed 19 Apr. 2017]. Grau, D. and Back, W.E., 2015. Predictability Index: Novel Metric to Assess Cost and Schedule Performance.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,141(12), p.04015043. Holler, R., Culling, I., Delwadia, R., Mamut, P., Crowe, M., Hanson, D., Boudreaux, P., Gilkerson, D., Farr, E. and Odenwelder, J., Versionone, Inc., 2014.Methods and systems for performing project schedule forecasting. U.S. Patent 8,875,088. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Merrow, E.W., 2011.Industrial megaprojects: concepts, strategies, and practices for success(Vol. 8). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Yaghootkar, K. and Gil, N., 2012. The effects of schedule-driven project management in multi-project environments.International Journal of Project Management,30(1), pp.127-140.

Monopolistic competition as a market structure

A Monopolistic competition is a market structure which is identified through the large quantity of comparatively small firms with the products of the firms being similar with only a slight variation to differentiate them. Therefore, the similarity in products makes the firms that exist in a monopolistic competition to be very competitive.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monopolistic competition as a market structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, due to the fact that each of the firms has a slightly unique product compared to the rest of the firms, then each firm has a specific consumer and hence each of the firms maintains market control to a lesser extent. Examples of monopolistic competition include restaurants and clothing stores. Features of a Monopolistic competition There are basically four features that are used to identify a monopolistic competition. The first feature is the noticeable large a mount of small firms which leads to the production of comparable products which are however not alike in detail (Ison Wall, 2006). The mobility of a monopolistic competition is more or less excellent but it does not amount to the ideal resource which therefore makes it widespread but not perfect in comprehension of products to the consumer. Large Number of Small Firms In a monopolistically competition, almost every production business has a large number of small firms (Ison Wall, 2006). The size of each of the firms is comparatively small when compared to the extent of the market as a whole. This therefore means that all the active firms more or less compete against each other for consumer attention and since the firms are many and are all successful in producing the needed products, then each of the firms controls a small market share thus have limited control over the market price or the number of products in the market (Colander, 2008). Relative Resource Mobility Firms in a mon opolistic competition are free to go into or go out of a production business venture especially when compared with a perfect competition or a monopoly (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). The rules governing the operation and the general business of the firms in a monopolistic competition are relatively few or none. Such firms are for the most part free of government interference, a standardized system, operational policy and are at liberty to raise their own capital and endure start-up costs without facing any stern obstructions from the government or other firms (Ison Wall, 2006). This therefore makes the firms less mobile in an ideal threshold especially when compared with the mobility of a perfect competition.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Extensive market Knowledge In monopolistic competition, consumers have reasonably comprehensive knowledge about the prices of different pro ducts as well as the fairly complete information regarding the subtle differences in the products for example color, brand names among others(Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). On the other hand, sellers of the products also have reasonably inclusive information in relation to production methods which affect prices and hence sellers are also aware of the prices of their competitors’ products (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). Similar Products The firms in a monopolistically competitive market produce analogous products which are however not completely identical (Colander, 2008). This makes each of the firms and the products to aim at satisfying very similar basic want or need. Therefore, the products that are put into the market by these firms are near proxies and are very comparable but are nevertheless not perfect substitutes (Ison Wall, 2006). Even though the products might in actual sense have substitutes or slight physical differences, consumers of the products are the only ones who m ight perceive them to be different because the similarities between the products are usually more than the differences (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). Therefore, firms in a monopolistically competition at any given moment have a great number of potential competitors since the products are usually almost the same and at the same time have a great number of potential consumers who are currently buying the competitors’ products. Reason why monopolistic competitive firms can only make normal profits in the long term A firm in a monopolistic competition increases on the profit by opting for the output that creates the maximum difference between the total income line and the total cost line. However, over the long run, a firm produces less output and charges a higher price which is even greater than its marginal cost (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). The difference in price and marginal cost effectively goes against the vital order of efficiency because income is not being utilized to create the utmost level of consumer satisfaction. The graphs in Figure 1.1 represents the trends of such;Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monopolistic competition as a market structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fig 1.1: Marginal Revenue Curve and Operational Barrier Curve by (Chamberlin, E. 1999). TC= Total Cost TR= Total Revenue This leads to inefficiency which is basically caused by the minimal market control monopolistically competitive firms have over the overall market, and hence most of the firms experience a negatively-sloped demand curves where price is greater than marginal revenue where the price is placed equivalent to marginal cost in order to maximize profit (Figure 2). Therefore, as firms continue to receive income through sales, the income is translated into production in order to produce more goods of higher quality to satisfy the market needs (Ison Wall, 2006). Furthermore, monopolistic compe titive firms can only make normal profits in the long term because they only control a small portion of the market which cannot be expanded due to the presence of several competitors (Colander, 2008). If the firm were to produce superior quality goods, then the cost of production would be at a similar ratio to the percentage sales hence the profits will be normal in the long run.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion A Monopolistic competition is the toughest yet most common market structure due to its relatively unregulated mode of operation. It is also quite simple to establish a firm in a monopolistic competition as compared to other market structures. Firms that operate in a Monopolistic competition each have a small portion of the market in their control and hence due to the dissimilarity in product, neither of the firms has control of the price of the products hence the price becomes market driven. References Chamberlin, E. (1999). A Supplementary Bibliography on Monopolistic Competition. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 75, No. 28, pp. 629-638. Colander, D. (2008) Microeconomics. 7th Ed. London: McGraw-Hill. Ison, S. and Wall, S. (2006) Economics. 4th Ed. New York: Financial Times in assoc with Prentice Hall. Pindyck, R Rubinfeld, D. (2001) Microeconomics. 5th Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall. This essay on Monopolistic competition as a market structure was written and submitted by user Mae M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Desires and Dreams essays

Desires and Dreams essays In the story, Demian, desires play an important role. When Sinclaire follows his desires something good almost always comes out of it. When Sinclaire does not follow his desires and dreams something bad occurs. For example, when Sinclaire first became friends with Franz Kromer. Sinclaire had a bad feeling about Franz, but ignored it. Since he ignored his desire and his feeling not to be friends with Franz, Sinclaire pretty much got tricked with the orchard incident. Sinclaire knew there was something bad about Franz, he could sense it, but he ignored the gut feeling and just got himself in a mess. Sinclaire quoted, Side by side with this I lived in a world of dreams and drives and desires of a chthonic nature... Sinclaires feelings prove to be valuable throughout the story. Max Demian was a book full of rumors. People stayed away from him. Sinclaire saw something different, something interesting in Demian, therefore causing the two to converse and make friends. This relationship is one of the most important in both of their lives. In conclusion, when Sinclaire follows his desires and feelings almost everything will turn out for the good. To listen to the heart can be the best guidance in ones life. This is what I learned from this book. ...

States considering laws to prevent obesity in America

States considering laws to prevent obesity in America Obesity... overweight... fat. No questions, its one of this nations worst and most costly health problems. But, can government, in its finest we know whats best for you tradition, actually outlaw obesity in America? According to a recent Washington Post article, legislatures in at least 25 states are currently debating more than 140 bills aimed at curbing obesity. New state laws currently under consideration would restrict the sale of soda and candy in public schools, require fast-food chains to post fat and sugar content directly on all menu boards, and even attempt to tax the fat away. According to the Post, six bills proposed by New York State Assemblyman Felix Ortiz (D) would slap hefty taxes on not only fatty foods, but also modern icons of sedentary living movie tickets, video games and DVD rentals. Ortiz estimates his tax laws would haul in over $50 million a year, which New York could use to fund public exercise and nutrition programs. We have focused on smoking; now it is about time we fight obesity, Ortiz told the Post. Over 44 million Americans are now considered obese, with an associated increase in cases of serious and costly diseases, including diabetes, heart disease and kidney failure. As costs to health plans of obesity-driven illnesses soar, the success of anti-smoking legislation passed during the 1990s and the seatbelt laws of the 1970s have lawmakers thinking similar laws could help force Americans to push away from the table. Obviously, civil libertarians and consumer rights groups do not like the idea of legislating eating behavior. Its an individual responsibility issue, states Richard Berman, executive director of the Center for Consumer Freedom in the Post article. If Im going to shorten my own life by eating too much or being too sedentary, that may not be much different than shortening my life by riding a motorcycle without a helmet on. On the other hand, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy G. Thompson cites the $117 billion spent annually on obesity-related health care when he states, If were really interested in holding down medical costs and improving the health of citizens, we have to do something about obesity. Some insurance industry officials have suggested charging obese persons higher premiums. HHS Secretary Thompson, however, cautioned that doing so could run afoul of federal anti-discrimination laws. The most potentially contentious fat-fighting suggestion mentioned in the Post story came from Eric Topol, chief of cardiology at the Cleveland Clinic. Topols suggestion would offer a federal income tax credit to slender people, while the people ruining our health care economics [the obese] would pay the standard tax. People who are able to be disciplined and lose weight should be rewarded, said Topol.

Literature Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature review Example 80). For example, a 24/7 customer support service is available to customers in case of online businesses which is not there usually in case of traditional businesses. If we talk about online clothing sale business, we can say that it is a wonderful approach towards such business as it provides benefits for both customers and the company in terms of increased convenience for customers and increased customer base for the company. E-retailing actually started in 1997 by Dell computers. Today, there are a large number of companies that are doing their businesses online, such as, The Outnet, E-bay, and Amazon. The Outnet is one of the most successful UK clothing e-retailers. The company operates its business online and offers a wide range of luxury clothing products, such as, bags, shoes, clothes, and other garments to the customers. To ensure efficient working of business processes, the company has implemented an efficient management information system that keeps the business information up-to-date. The information system makes use of information technology tools for the processing of information and generation of reports (Earl 1996). As Oz (2009, p.9) states, â€Å"Information is the lifeblood of any organization†. ... Almost every company having online presence needs to manage the details of business processes and other information in the database in order to carry out the business processes effectively. According to Stahl (2008, p. 1), management information systems promote efficiency and effective control of business processes. The Outnet would have been a failure without the implementation of information system because it is a customer-oriented company and needs to be efficient in managing the information about customers’ orders and payments. Therefore, information management is one of the basic needs of an online retailer company in order to succeed in today’s competitive environment. If we talk about the benefits of online shopping for customers, we can say that customers find it very easy and convenient to do online shopping as it saves them a lot of time, energy, and money in terms of reduced traveling costs. Similarly, in today’s busy world, customers do not have much time to go to stores physically and spend a lot of time to select and purchase clothes. They prefer to do online shopping because they can do it from anywhere and any time. They do not have to dedicate some part of their time for shopping; rather they can do it while doing other personal or professional life activities. For example, people can do online shopping within the break they usually get in office hours. Similarly, a woman can check out latest clothing fashions on the websites of online companies while doing household activities. Moreover, they can also easily search many other alternatives to choose the best bag, a pair of shoes, or any other clothing product. A

Sponsorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sponsorship - Essay Example The sponsor keenly looks at the opportunity to develop their organization commercially through brand awareness that is done through advertising. Sponsorship can take different approaches; they include, firstly there is the branding the kits used by the players with the sponsor’s brand. Secondly, there are banners that are found on the ground as well as in the arenas which bears more information about the sponsor. Thirdly, through the media affiliated to the sport such as the website, the company is able to advertise their products. Fourthly, the players/sportspeople/coaches can be used to endorse the product of the sponsor. For the team, they can be provide with free kits, transport, facilities as well as provision of funds and other services (BBC, 2014). Sponsorship comes with a variety of pros and cons. Sponsorship is healthy for both the sponsor and the individual/club being sponsored; some players would not be able to raise the costs of participating in their respective sporting activities if they lacked support. On the other hand, the sponsor uses the sponsorship agreement as an opportunity to benefit themselves commercially especially through advertisements. Public awareness of a given product is easily achieved through the advertisements in sports stadiums, players’ uniforms, club’s website among others (BBC, 2014). Sponsorship is founded on the grounds that, in exchange of the resources or services given to the club or individual the sponsor will have either of the following benefits. Firstly, the image of the sponsor should be improved courtesy of the sponsorship. The company gets a good image since it is perceived to exhibit the corporate social responsibility. Secondly, the company gains a competitive advantage over is competitors due to its public reputation. Thirdly, the consumer attitude can be changed through the perception

Egypt vs. Fertile Crescent Essay Example for Free

Egypt vs. Fertile Crescent Essay During the early dynastic period, the early River Civilizations had just come to be. Egypt and The Fertile Crescent were 2 of the civilizations. Different civilizations were developing different things as well as living two different ways of life. In social and intellectual ways, these two civilizations handled themselves in very similar as well as many different ways to function the way they did and remain stable while they could. Egypt and the Fertile Crescent shared certain things within the social and political part of their civilizations. They both needed a lot of work to be done. Anywhere from building pyramids, to parts of a city, someone had to do it, but who? To solve this dilemma, the Fertile Crescent used slaves, and Egypt had laborers. Having slaves or laborers made is accomplishable for job positions to be filled within a city, or made it easier and quicker to finish projects ordered by the Pharaoh. In an intellectual view, both developed a form of writing. The Fertile Crescent invented the cuneiform, which is also the first form of writing, to pass down history. As well as Egypt, they had hieroglyphics, which served the same purpose, In other words, they needed a way to keep records from generation to generation. To do this, they used what they had to develop a form of writing to accomplish this. As for differences between to two civilizations, they were very many social and political ones. The Fertile Crescent had a small amount of social classes. They had a priest, merchants, and slaves. Those are the basic classes. The significance of having a less amount of classes is simplicity. Also, because the Monarchy already holds most of the power, it has no need for someone else to have any. Egypt had a lot more compared to them. Pharaohs, Land owners, Army commander, merchants, Farmers, and Laborers. While having more social classes than The Fertile Crescent, it might seem to make it harder on them for they have more going on, and more people doing more things, but it made it easier on the Pharaoh. Yes, he still had say so in what went on, but there were still different people in charge of different things. As for any intellectual differences, Egypt was able to develop a calendar. By doing this, they were able to tell when any floods were coming and it was no surprise. Not only did this calendar only help with flooding problems, but they could also mark any important date of when anything happened during their time. On the other hand, the Fertile Crescent was always hit by surprise by floods from the river. They never developed a calendar, so for them, they had no clue when a flood was coming and it became a panic when it did.

Enterpreneurship And Management Essay -- essays research papers

Entrepreneurship is The process of initiating a business venture, organizing the necessary resources and assuming the associated risks and rewards. Entrepreneurship as an option. For many years there was many worries surrounding the idea but recently there has been an outbreak of entrepreneurs making money and living a better quality of life. Women and minorities are now starting their own businesses more than men because they have been discriminated in the corporate world and decided to go out on their own. Entrepreneurship and the environment-people used to be worried about small businesses surviving now there are about 23 million out there. Since our economy is rapidly changing it creates new opportunities for small business owners everyday. New technology has opened thousands of new opportunities and especially with the Internet making a small business available to thousands of people around the world. Definition of a small business by the SBA is typically a business with 500 or less people or it can depend on annual receipts or the number of employees in certain categories such as manufacturing, retail and services. Impact of Entrepreneurial companies: about 600,000 new companies are incorporated every year. The SBA reports that small businesses employ more than 50% of the workforce and generate more than half of the nations’ GDP. Who are Entrepreneurs They are people that have a vision and want to achieve something. They need tolerance for ambiguity, self confid...

A Positive Approach to the Future

A Positive Approach Towards the Future The issue of mandatory school uniforms has taken on several debates over the past decade; it is believed that this issue will plague public schools for decades to come. Students who wear uniforms feel a sense of being superior with their fellow classmates. This feeling of being part of a group boosts morale and individual confidence, thus leading to higher grades. Children will be more focused in a uniform classroom. There is no more distraction as to what the other kids are wearing or who has the name brand shoes. Girls will be dressed appropriately and clothing will fit properly. This adds to the learning experience. There is no more competition. There is no more rivalry and the children are able to focus on their schoolwork and not on the latest trends ( Bodine 67-69). Former President Clinton made a state of the union address in 1996; in that address, the subject of mandatory school uniforms was mentioned. â€Å"If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms† (Williams). In fact, that year in Long Beach, California, the first district to implement mandatory uniform policies, assault dropped by sixty-seven percent, vandalism by eighty-two percent, and robbery by thirty-five percent. Overall crime was reduced by seventy-three percent the first year the policy was in place (Williams). This was a direct reflection of the uniform policy. Students were more disciplined and behaved in a more mature manner. These students took pride in themselves and others. With the lack of material items to fight over, students no longer felt the need to use aggression towards others, proving that school uniforms do in fact improve student behavior. Also when it comes to crime, a student wearing a school logo, is less apt to commit a crime outside of school while in uniform because it would be easier to track him based off of the school information on the uniform? This lowers the crime rate for the general public as well as the in school instances. Not only do mandatory uniform policies for public schools offer the potential for higher educational benefits and improved student discipline, school uniforms dissolve social boundaries between classmates. Students are no longer judged based off their appearance but by who they are on the inside. There is no more competition between social classes that these students may have otherwise felt and they work together as a team and share a common pride. All students will feel a sense of belonging. No longer will lower income children be labeled as poor based off of their clothing. All children will appear as equals in the classroom and will be treated as such. However, some may argue that uniformity takes away from the student's individuality. Many children, especially teens, express themselves through their personal styles and the way they dress. Sometimes children need to feel special or unique and dressing a certain way is how they accomplish this. Uniformity takes away from the First Amendment by taking away freedom of expression. If we take away the freedom of expression, we are taking away our children's creativity and conforming them into a society where free thinking is not accepted. However this is not the case. The uniform does not change who the child is on the inside or how he thinks creatively. Students will still be able to focus creative energy through activities such as art, music, writing or sports. There are several creative outlets besides the choice of clothing options. When it comes to our economy, we as Americans must pinch our pennies where we can. Many parents are faced with the dilemma of outfitting their children in the latest trends or putting money towards more important things like saving for their children's college education. Some families are unable to afford the popular named brand clothing that their children desires, which make the children, feel inadequate in school when they are forced to wear lesser brand clothes or second hand outfits. School uniforms would take away that hassle of finding bargains to ensure that their children feel confident in their attire. Uniforms are generally more durable than the average street clothes. Granted, the cost may be a bit more substantial in the beginning, but the uniforms will last longer which means there is less out of pocket expense for replacement articles. With uniforms, the parents may only have to purchase two or three sets compared to several pairs of bottoms and tops. Uniforms are more durable and can be washed more frequently compared to regular clothes. This makes them the better option not only for lower income families, but all families in general (Romero C4+). Critics claim that uniforms will cost the families more money in the long run because parents will be forced to buy the uniforms and regular clothing for their children to wear when they are not in school. The cost for parents may double that of just buying traditional school clothes. Although this is partly true, that yes, parents will be faced to make additional purchases for their children, in reality, they really won't be spending that much more money if any. Since uniforms are more durable, the parents only need to buy a limited supply and since the children will only be wearing their regular clothes outside of school, parents will not have to buy as many outfits. Most children wear out their clothes while in school. Since this is not an issue with the uniforms, the traditional street clothes will last longer, hence saving the parents money in the long run. Also without the constant competition in schools, children may not feel the need to have the latest brands and styles as they would if they were wearing the clothes to school on a daily basis around other social classes (King 3-5). With all of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing mandatory uniform wear into our public schools, there needs to be a compromise. Some schools have decided that it is best to make minor changes to the dress code policy. When it comes to school uniforms, there is a never-ending debate as to what the right approach and the wrong approach may be for our public schools. Works Cited Bodine,A.. aâ‚ ¬? School uniforms, academic achievement, and uses of researchaâ‚ ¬?. The Journal ofEducational Research 19 Feb. 2008: 67-73. Print. King, K. A. Should school uniforms be mandated in elementary school?. 2010: 3+. Print. Romero, E. aâ‚ ¬? School uniform countdownaâ‚ ¬?. Daily News Record, 16 Aug. 1999, C2+. Print. Williams, D. aâ‚ ¬? School uniforms: The raging debateaâ‚ ¬?. n. d. Web. 5 Aug. 2011.

New Mexico’s Border Issues

Illegal immigration refers to the immigration of people across national border without visa or valid documents. The illegal immigration give rise to a larger set of social issues in areas, such as economy, social welfare, education and health, smuggling and crime. The international border between United States and Mexico runs for about 3,141 km which is frequently crossed over by countless illegal immigrants from Mexico. The reason for these illegal crossings is the difference in living standards and wages in US and Mexico. Even though there large group of border patrol personnel’s guarding the border, alien immigrants can still sneak in through various locations due to lack of funds and consistent patrol in the area. .According to an estimate over a million people who cross over to US, 45 percent end up in   becoming agricultural labors in various US states. The economic and social costs of illegal immigration are enormous. It is estimated that about 10,000 illegal aliens cross into US every day with annual figure reaching to   of 3 million. A third of these immigrants are caught and returned to their home country; while half of them become US residents permanently.   About 9 to 11 millions illegal immigrants reside in US at present. Due to the acceptance of low wages by illegal immigrants in New Mexico and other states, about1.8 million native workers suffer loosing not only their wages, but also jobs raising the cost of state welfare to US$ 15 billion annually. According to the National Academy of Sciences it costs $89000 to pay for an alien immigrants during his lifetime stay in US. However its not only the loss of job or revenue, but 80 percent of cocaine and 50 percent of heroin in US is smuggled through new Mexico borders by these illegal immigrants. The illegal immigrants cost billions of dollars every year to the American taxpayers; especially the free treatment offered to illegal aliens. Due to which many hospitals New Mexico, Arizona and California has been closed down. The total economic cost of illegal immigrants is estimated to in between 67$ to $87 billion. Since   1986 US has embarked efforts to restrict illegal immigration with the arrival of Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) which expanded the funding for the US border patrol. Between 1986 and 1996, Congress and President took a series of restrictive actions to regain the control of US and Mexico border. However despite these measure and IRCA act, both legal and illegal immigration continued to rise. The federal government in 1993 initiated another plan to install more officers at the border. These plans have fundamental weakness due to less defended border at many areas. For example when mobilization of forces was activated in El Paso and San Diego, the flow of migrants turned to Arizona and Texas creating new problems in these states. The push by US authorities pushed the immigrants to cross over from more remote deserts and mountains and rivers where its much more hard for border patrol to capture them. Another loss has been the higher rate of injury and death that also accelerated the cost of spending on already poor counties in New Mexico and border states. Even though the Border Patrol budget has been increased 10 times between 1986 and 2002, but the arrival of immigrants has also risen. In 2005, New Mexico declared emergency due to the rise in drug smuggling, kidnapping and murder in the state. The State governor criticized the federal government and Congress by mentioning total lack of support from the Border Patrol.   In recent days the illegal immigrant issue has become a national debate with politicians on both sides favoring and disfavoring the issue due to their own vested interests. There have been suggestions to construct fence, wall, and deployment of more Border Patrol agents to address the cross border issue. In reality the problem is much bigger than it seems. Constructing a few miles wall or fence will not bring any change, unless realistic approach is taken to tackle the issue. Even after the constructions of fence in San Diego the flow of immigrants increased; as fence provides an excuse for Border Patrol to be less careful Analyst believe that US polices have failed to produce any result. A new approach is needed to address the issue. The solution to the problem lies in the undocumented migration, which if made legal can prove   more productive.   Under the current immigration law, all countries have same quota of 20,000 thousand legal immigrants per year; which is same for the Mexico, the closest US neighbor.  Ã‚   A more realistic policy would be to   provide temporary visas, (which President Bush has recently announced), however greater emphasis should be paid to the Mexicans; as Mexico is the major part of the problem. Reference CNN, (August 13, 2005). Border emergency declared in New Mexico. Retrieved February 8, 2007, Web site: http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/08/12/newmexico/ 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Cost of Illegal migration. Retrieved February 8, 2007, Web site: http://www.cairco.org/econ/econ.html 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Douglas S. Massey, Beyond the Border Buildup. Retrieved February 8, 2007, Web site: www.ailf.org 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fencing in Failure. Retrieved February 8, 2007, Web site: http://www.ailf.org/ipc 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America Org, Illegal immigration a ‘real issue'. Retrieved February 8, 2007, Web site: http://www.americas.org/                                             

Hardys narrative technique, taking note of imagery, symbolism, description and character portrayal Essays

Hardys narrative technique, taking note of imagery, symbolism, description and character portrayal Essays Hardys narrative technique, taking note of imagery, symbolism, description and character portrayal Paper Hardys narrative technique, taking note of imagery, symbolism, description and character portrayal Paper Essay Topic: Death and the Maiden Literature The rape scene, towards the end of Chapter XI is an interesting passage, and provides a pivotal moment in the novel, one which Tess will always refer back to. After an exhausting night of dancing with her friends, Tess is saved by Alec after tittering at her workmate covered in treacle. On the journey home with Alex, after the triumph of her escape wares off, the fatigue of the weeks work sets in and Tess becomes drowsy. Throughout the journey Alec pesters her with his love-making, playing on her inexpressible weariness. Hardy creates a languid mood along the early-morning country road, which is conveyed by the drowsiness that overcomes Tess. When she first slips into slumber, a moment of oblivion, and leans on his shoulder, Alec interprets it as a sexual advance, even though it is just a fatigue-induced weakness. Hardy describes Alecs attempt to embrace her as enclosing her waist, which creates an image of capture and incarceration, and Tess ensuing reaction is one of defence and disgust. The way Hardy inserts devilish, when describing Tess is ironic I feel. From his very introduction in the novel, Alec has had satanic connotations, and this ensnaring of an innocent virgin only emphasises this. Alec immediately rotates the situation to place the blame on Tess, which highlights how masterful he is at seizing opportunities. He places a great deal of pressure on Tess to return his affections, and bullies Tess into feeling sorry for reacting in a way that any proper woman should. The fact hat Alex has led the cart far out into the woods, in absolute blackness suggests to the reader that he intended to carry out the rape beforehand, and that it wasnt a spur of the moment. : He has led her into such a situation that she cannot help but trust him he is in absolute control. After agreeing to stop and gain a sense of direction, Hardy describes how Alec steals a hearty kiss, which suggests that the affection was totally one-sided, and that something of Tess had been taken away, and that she was unprepared. Just before he leaves, Alec tells Tess how he has given her family a new horse and presents for the children. He has timed it so that Tess will think about even after he has left. However, Tess is not so easily taken in, saying that it hampers [her] so, because she realises that this was all intended to make her love him ever so little. Already Alec has used a variety of methods in an attempt to woo Tess; he has imposed himself upon her, enticed her and got her lost. Even though she shivers, Tess does not want to show a vulnerability to Alec, and tells him she is not very cold when he asks. However, Alec imposes the contents of the druggists bottle upon her. Hardy allures to Alecs impending unwanted sexual urges when he describes how his fingers sank into her as into a billow. This penetrating act portrays her softness, delicacy and pliability, and shows Alecs sexual pressurising of Tess. Hardy uses verbs such as plunged and pushed to portray the forcefulness with which Alec goes out his task and suggest the his barbaric nature. I feel that in this passage Tess is likened to the moon; both are pale and innocent, and Hardy mentions the moonlit person of Tess. Also, the lunar sequence has long been soon associated with the menstrual cycle, and hardy mentions that as soon as the moon had quite gone down, Tess becomes entombed in darkness, as the night itself becomes pitch black. The imagery of the pale nebulousness of Tess as she lies on the forest floor at the feet of Alec is quiet powerful, I feel. Whereas Alec seems to fit into the darkness, perhaps a suggestion of his evil, dark nature, Tess remains a beacon, and cannot help to be in her pure, white dress. There is also the suggestion of nature conspiring against Tess, especially the way in which the fog seems to wrap around her, which raises the suggestion that she was doomed, and that the act was inevitable. I find the two descriptions of the leaves that Tess lies upon in this passage extremely interesting. Initially, Hardy writes about the thick leaves, but once Tess falls asleep, they are referred to as dead leaves. This, I feel, reinforces the notion of doom attached to Tess, and perhaps emphasises the effect that Tess has upon living things. Throughout the play, Tess is attached to death, such as Prince, Sorrow and indeed later on Alec. I especially enjoy this passage as Hardy uses the encompassing black of the night to heighten the senses of the reader, accentuating the sense of sound and touch, as darkness and silence ruled everywhere around. There is an element of the savage to Alec in this chapter. He appears to seem at one with nature, and Hardy allures to his primeval ruthlessness. Hardy then adopts of philosophical tone in his writing, which differs from his traditional narrative technique, and laments the fact that Tess guardian angel didnt exist, suggesting that the heavens are silent. He suggests that there is no goodness in the world if a pure woman can be robbed of her dignity in such a way. Hardy uses a number of metaphors to describe Tess, whilst in the hands of the spoiler, describing Tess as blank as snow, and questions how such beautiful feminine tissue could be blemished in such a way. The fact that the rape took place in The Chase is interesting, as it the ancient forest over which her ancestors once presided, but Hardy emphasises the fact that there are no chivalrous knights to protect her. Hardy deals with the actual rape itself in a detached and ambiguous manner, with a lingering sense of fatalism attached. With a rare authorial intrusion, he cites that it was to be. The human in Hardy reacts that the human tissue should be so coarsely imprinted upon, and contemplatively underlines the pity that the purity and beauty of Tess has been forever tainted, and that she is indeed a maiden no more.

The Suffix -strophe

The Suffix -strophe The Suffix -strophe The Suffix -strophe By Mark Nichol Do the words apostrophe and catastrophe have anything in common besides a couple of syllables? What, if anything, does a punctuation mark have to do with a disaster? The words, taken from Greek, share an element derived from the Greek verb strephein, which means â€Å"turn.† Apostrophe, meaning â€Å"turn from,† alludes to the fact that an apostrophe signals that one or more letters in a word have been omitted, or â€Å"turned away.† (The symbol later came to be used to identify possessives- and, erroneously, plurals, though some publications persist in the otherwise obsolete style of apostrophizing plural numerals, as in â€Å"That style went out in the 1950’s,† or abbreviations, as in â€Å"This rule applies to most M.D.’s.† The former style is unnecessary, and the latter approach is rendered unnecessary by simply eliminating periods from capitalized abbreviations.) Catastrophe, meanwhile, means â€Å"overturning,† and refers to a devastating reversal in fortune. (In Greek tragedy, the term applied to the turning point in a play.) Scholar and novelist J. R. R. Tolkien coined an antonym, eucatastrophe, to denote a â€Å"good turn,† or the point at which an unexpectedly favorable outcome occurs, though his coinage is obscure. The term peripeteia, meaning â€Å"turning point† (in English also referred to as peripety), already exists, but it can refer to either a positive or a negative event. (Although a deus ex machina- the term literally means â€Å"god from the machine† and refers to a plot point representing sudden intervention that produces a happy ending- is a form of eucatastrophe, the terms are not exact synonyms.) Several other words contain the element -strophe, which stems from strephein, or elements derived from it. The word strophe itself, and its antonym antistrophe, pertain to elements of Greek tragedy, referring to the part of an ode sung by a chorus while it is turning to face another direction (east to west and west to east, respectively); the concluding movement is called the epode (â€Å"sung after†). Strophe has also come to refer to a part of a poem with stanzas of various lengths, and in the classic Greek era an antistrophe was also a dance. The term boustrophedon, which literally means â€Å"turning an ox while plowing† (the first syllable is related to that of bovine), refers to ancient writing forms in which lines are alternately written left to right and right to left, as opposed to always from the same direction. Anastrophe, meanwhile, is an inversion of normal word order for literary effect, as in the phrase â€Å"forest primeval.† The prefix strepto- is seen in the New Latin term streptococcus, which refers to a type of bacteria with a twisted shape. (The name for the medical condition caused by this bacteria, strep throat, uses an abbreviated form of the term.) The words strap and strop, both referring to a band of leather or other material (and also used as verbs), are also derived from strephein. Check out our latest YouTube video, Prepositions: In vs. On Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?Captain vs. Master

SWOT analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWOT analysis - Essay Example This is followed by analyzing the internal and external factors that complement achieving of these objectives as well those which hinder achievement of the same objectives. It therefore gives business leaders a sense of direction and changes which need to be made to achieve the set business objectives. A business stands a better chance of success if they do understand the opportunities which exist in a particular market segment. A company can also exploit the weakness of a competitor n meeting market demand. At the same time a SWOT analysis can help a company avoid a saturated market or taking on an established competitor (Snelling, 2012). A detailed SWOT analysis helps a company identify potential hazards before entering a market. This is crucial in laying strategies to overcome these risks. These risks include those that a business entity has no direct control over such as the economy, forex rates or government policy. It is always the goal of any business to increase profitability while reducing costs. Identifying the strengths of a business helps in optimal allocation of resources (Snelling, 2012). For example the company can know how much it should spend on advertising, public relations activities as well as social responsibility depending on its position in the market it operates. Conducting a SWOT analysis helps a company identify vulnerable areas in its operations which can be used by competitors to their advantage. Identifying these weak points helps a company lay contingency plans to improve and deter external threats by competitors. The first step involves assembling the SWOT team and setting the SMART objectives which need to be achieved by conducting the SWOT. The objectives of course should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound (Ferrell & Hartline, 2012). For example a SWOT analysis can be about expanding to a new market or starting a new product line. The second step is understanding the business

Historical Research Method Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Historical Method - Research Paper Example This step involves spotting, locating, and collecting data pertaining to the topic of research. The information sources are usually contained in documents such as records, newspapers, relics, photographs, and interviews with people who have experienced or have knowledge of the research subject. Such interviews are called oral histories. †¢Ã‚  Evaluation of materialsEach data source must be evaluated for accuracy and authenticity since they can be affected by various factors like economic conditions, prejudice, and political climate. Sources must pass either an external criticism; the process of determining the trustworthiness, authenticity, or validity, or internal criticism; the process of determining the accuracy or reliability of the information collected. Firsthand information by event witnesses, for example are classically assumed to be more accurate and reliable. †¢Ã‚  Data synthesis and preparing a reportSynthesis is the selecting, structuring, and analyzing the mate rials gathered into central concepts and topical themes. Thesis themes are then joined to form a meaningful and contiguous whole. A literature review of where and how historical materials research method is used in the academic "business" literatureThis will give a description of the relevant literature in business. Historical research method can be used in market research to enable organizations stay fine tuned in business. It can help organizations to penetrate the wants and needs of customers and the techniques.

Coursework Questions Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Coursework Questions - Scholarship Essay Example To rate the credibility of an opinion, it should be measured in terms of how it conform to its subject or object. Any opinion should be evaluated both objectively and subjectively so that we could identify if opinion is in coherence with reality. No, it is because truth does not easily change. But knowledge changes as a product of observations. The continuing evolution of knowledge itself leads to the discoveries of truth. Knowledge is what has been discovered, but the real truth is yet to be discovered. It does not mean that any opinion is right, but any opinion is to be accepted for the purpose of arriving to conclusion about any arguments. Everybody has the freedom to express their own opinion but should be corrected if their opinion does not conform to the reality. The right to express an opinion should not be abused by just letting anybody claim any faulty opinion as a right opinion. Philosophy is a branch of science itself. Philosophy deals with deeper understanding of any subject or object of its study by looking at it both subjectively and objectively. It is defined as a love of wisdom. It is not just observing the visible qualities of an object, but also looking at its inner nature, its relationship to the things around it, the reason of its existence. Philosophy is more deeper than other branches of science. During these levels of study, one has to de... It is not just observing the visible qualities of an object, but also looking at its inner nature, its relationship to the things around it, the reason of its existence. Philosophy is more deeper than other branches of science. What are the basic skills one is suppose to develop in school, that is, in kindergarten through the twelfth grade During these levels of study, one has to develop basic communication and analytical skills. Everyone should learn how to communicate effectively with the persons around them, learn the different forms of communication, and basic problem solving skills. What is the basic purpose of education The basic purpose of education is to educate everybody on how to deal properly with the different situations in life. Theories of different situations that commonly encountered by man are introduced for them to have a firm background or understanding of what, when, where, how these situation will likely occurs and the common ways of dealing with it properly. Giving sufficient education helps prevents problems from getting worst, or be prevented from happening itself. What is a right What are the two sources of all right Right is the legal or moral entitlement to do or refrain from doing something or to obtain or refrain from obtaining an action, thing or recognition in civil society1. Under what conditions would you be persuaded to change your mind about anything Explain your answer. Our decisions are greatly affected by things that we perceive on an actual experience. We deal with different decision making phase by making decision which we believe is right for us at the given situation. Sometimes decisions were made promptly as caused by panic, which comes out from our subjective evaluation of the situation. The impact of any

War of Indian Independence 1857

War of Indian Independence 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 is also known as Indias First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The many names are the result of the conflicts continuing importance to Indias national sense of identity. It began as a mutiny of native soldiers (sepoys) employed by the British East India Companys army, against perceived race based injustices and inequities, on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions which were mainly centered on north central India along the several major river valleys draining the south face of the Himalayas [See red annotated locations on Map at right] but with local episodes extending both northwest to Peshawar on the north-west frontier with Afghanistan and southeast beyond Delhi. The main conflict occurred largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-dayUttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British East Indian Company power in that region, and it was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.Some regard the rebellion as the first of several movements over ninety years to achieve independence, which was finally achieved in 1947. Other regions of Company-controlled India-Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency-remained largely calm. In Punjab, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the states of Rajputana did not join the rebellion. In some regions, such as Oudh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence. Rebel leaders, such as the Rani of Jhansi, and Rani of Tulsipur of Tulsipur-State, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India half a century later, however, they themselves generated no coherent ideology for a new order. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj. War of independence is described as an uprising that was ignited by Indian troops in the town of Meerut near Delhi in 1857. In addition to economic exploitation, political, and military causes, the British failed  to observe several cultural factors in their rule. One of these factors being that India was a cast-based society. But most important, was the religious conflict regarding the famous British cartridges that used pig and cow fat. India had a long history of recurring revolts during British occupation. Although some of these uprisings were more effective than others, nonetheless they were indicative of a widespread discontent with British rule. Revolts were a yearly occurrence but were always cruelly put down by the British forces. The Indians were never a match for the British, and without an efficient way to communicate with others these revolts were unable to spread to other areas of the country. The Rebellion of 1857 was different because it was the larger and more widespread armed challenge to British rule. It began as a revolt of Indian Sepoys, but, The revolt then spread rapidly to other garrisons and soon turned from a limited military mutiny into a widespread civil rebellion that involved peasants, artisans, day laborers, and religious leaders (Tignor, 712). Besides attacking government buildings including prisons, treasuries, barracks and courthouses, Sepoys and peasants killed all Europeans and Christians they could find. As a result it has been described by many as a nationalist revolt, or Indias first war of national independence. Following can be stated as possible and logical reasons or causes of war of independence 1857: Controversies and disputes Unease among masses due to social reforms introduced by the company Economical exploitation by the British Unrest among the Sepoys The Enfield Rifle Prophecies, omens, signs and rumors Controversies and disputes: Many locals believed that british wanted to force them to change their religon and convert to Christianity. The British creed of the time was Evangelism, and many East India Company officers tried themselves to convert their Sepoys. This was strongly discouraged by the Company officials. The doctrine of lapse was also a major reason for this tragedy [1]. According to this doctrine the company could annex any heirless princely state if the ruler didnt had any natural heir to the throne. In eight years, Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India, annexed many kingdoms including Jhansi, Oudh, Satara, Nagpur and Sambalpur. Nobility, feudal leaders, and royal forces were unemployed . Even the treasure of the royal family of Nagpur was publicly sold in Calcutta. It was seen as a sign of abject disrespect by the Indian aristocracy. Indians were not happy by rule of Europeans who were bent on rather rapid expansion and westernization. They didnt had any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. Reforms made by british , such as putting curbs on Sati (the self-burning of widows with their husbands) and minor marriage, were accompanied with prohibitions on Indian religious customs, seen as steps towards a change in religon.[2] Historian William Dalrymple asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by by resistance against a move by the East India Company, which was perceived as an attempt to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India.[3] For example, when Zafar met the sepoys on 11th of May in 1857, he was told: We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, Brothers, are you with those of the faith?[3] Those British men and women who had converted to Islam were spared, while Indian Christians such as one of royal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed in cold blood.[3] Dalrymple also states that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to join hands and put resistance against the eminent British attack, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of the faith, and that all Muslim and Hindu citizens of the capital city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds.[3] As further evidence, he proves that the Urdu manuscripts of the pre and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (infidels) and nasrani (Christians).[3] The justice system was certainly not just to locals. In 1853, the British Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen opened the Indian Civil Service to locals; however, this was viewed by most of educated India as an non-compensating measure. The official records and war diaries were laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857 which revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of war crimes . The Company also exploited the locals financially. Failure to pay the unjust and heavy taxes always resulted in seizure of property by the government. British slowed the pace of their programme of reform and also sought to pacify the gentry and princely families, particularly Muslim, who had been major leaders of the 1857 revolt. After 1857, local land lordship became more domineering, the discrimination based on caste became more manifest, and the collective partition between Hindus and Muslims became discernible and visible, which many analysts argue was due to a British approach of divide and rule. An additional vital reason for the rebellion was the stance towards the Mughal monarch, Bahadur Shah II. The governor-general of India at the time, had affronted the Emperor by asking him and his family to leave the Red Fort. Later, Lord Canning, the next governor-general of India, announced that Bahadur Shahs successors would not even be permitted to use the title of the Shahanshah. Such lamentable events were condemned by public. Unease among masses due to social reforms introduced by company: Many locals were angry due to the rule of the British and perceived a project of westernization and slavery to be taking place.The forbidding of Sati (self-immolation by widows along with dead husbands) and minor marriage seemed to be a herald to an nuisance of Christianity. It was also a reason for the tragedy.[2] Economical exploitation by the British: The British East India Company was a huge trading firm . The supremacy of the British invasion force took nearly 150 years to emerge. Till 1700s, the yearly expenses in enticement to local rulers and officers reached almost 90,000 pounds. By bribing the administration, the Company was allowed to function in abroad markets notwithstanding the verity that the cheap imports of South Asia impair conjugal trade. By 1767, the Company was strained into an accord to pay 400,000 pounds into the state Exchequer per annum. By mid of 19th century, while, the Companys monetary difficulties had reached a position where mounting taxation requisite escalating British territories in South Asia extraordinarily. The Company began to put curbs adoption rights of indigenous rulers and began the procedure of appropriation of independent Rajas. Karl Marx wrote that in 1854 the Raj of Berar, which comprised 80,000 square miles of land, a population from four to five million, and enormous treasures, was forcibly seized. By 1857, the very last relics of sovereign Indian states had disappeared and the Company exported untold quantities of gold, jewels, silver, silk, cotton, and a host of other precious materials back to England every year. This very asset funded the industrialized Revolution to great extent. The agricultural land was restructured under the rather callous feudal system to smooth the progress of the compilation of excise. In some regions farmers were strained to toggle from carry-over farming to commercial crops such as indigo, jute, coffee and tea. This resulted in destitution to the farmers and increases in food prices. Indigenous commerce, in particular the renowned weavers of Bengal and elsewhere, also suffered under British statute. Import tariffs were maintained low, according to conventional British free-market sentiments, and consequently the Indian open market was snowed under with cheap garments from Britain. Master weavers had their fingers cut off to prevent them from weaving. The Indians felt that the British were imposing incredibly grave excise on the locals. This incorporated an boost in the levy on land. This appears to have been the most imperative raison dà ªtre.

The Lord of the Flies - Savagery Essay -- English Literature Essays

'The Lord of the Flies' - Savagery William Golding’s novel ‘The Lord of The flies’ presents us with a group of English boys who are isolated on a desert island, left to try and retain a civilised society. In this novel Golding manages to display the boys slow descent into savagery as democracy on the island diminishes. At the opening of the novel, Ralph and Jack get on extremely well. We are informed Jack, â€Å"shared his burden,† and there was an, â€Å"invisible light of friendship,† between the two boys. Jack changes considerably throughout this novel. At first he tells us, â€Å"I agree with Ralph we’ve got to have rules and obey them,† This shows us that at the beginning of the novel, just like Ralph, he wants to uphold a civilised society. We are also notified, â€Å"Most powerfully there was the conch.† As the conch represents democracy we can see that at the beginning of the novel the boys sustain a powerful democratic society. This democratic society does not last very long as the children (especially Jack) have a lack of respect for the conch and the rules. We can see this when Jack decides, â€Å"We don’t need the conch anymore, we know who should say things.† As the conch represents democracy we can see that civilisation on the island is braking up and savagery is starting to take over. We can also see a brake up in society when Jack says, â€Å"Bollocks to the rules!† Here we can see that Jack contradicts himself while managing to diminish the assembly and the power of the conch. Golding has made the two boys’ act similar at the beginning of the novel to show us how ‘normal’ they are. This demonstrates Golding’s view that absolutely anyone can be over ruled by power and become savage (like Jack) when civilisation collapses. After this incident we can see continual conflict between Ralph and Jack. We can see this when Jack proclaims that Ralph, â€Å"Isn’t a proper chief.† Golding is trying to show us that this conflict is very similar to the conflict between humanities inner barbarism and the living influence of reason. We can see other evidence of this conflict within ourselves, with the masks that Jack and his hunters put on. We are informed that Jack, â€Å" rubbed the charcoal stick between the patches of red and white on his face† The mask represents the dark line (charcoal) between good (white) and evil (red) within ourselves. These masks also let the boys hide f... ...s when Ralph points out, â€Å"There’s going to be a storm.† This slowly builds us up to Simon’s death. We Can see that even Ralph and Piggy have a savage side as they, â€Å"found themselves eager to take place in this demented but partly safe society.† This demonstrates Goldings view that everyone has a savage side to them. At Simon’s murder the boys, â€Å"Leapt on to the beast, screamed, struck, bit and tore.† This clearly shows us that the boys are completely barbaric and have no self-conciseness. The reason why Golding did not inform us straight away that Simon was the beast was because he wanted us to try and see things from the boys’ perspective. As Simon was trying to tell the boys that the beast did not exist, his death symbolises that mankind can’t face the truth about their inner desires. Part of Golding’s intent was to demonstrate that the evil is not recognised in specific populations or situations. On the island the beast is manifest in the deadly tribal dances, war paint and manhunt: in the outside world the same lust for power and control plays out as a nuclear war. Throughout ‘The Lord of the Flies’ Golding has managed to show that evil is present in everyone.

Forest Conservation

FOREST CONSERVATION Forests are one of the most important natural resources that have been gifted to mankind for their sustained existence on earth. Without question, they provide us with huge amounts of tangible and intangible benefits, without which indeed, all life, less to say human life, would fall under the risk of extinction. Hence, it is vital for us to realize this importance of forest cover, conserve them, and ultimately work towards a sustainable way to maintain our forests and meet our needs at the same time. In this paper, I have focused initially on the barbaric behavior of us human beings towards forests, and how they have been and are still being massacred around the globe to meet our ever increasing and limitless wants and needs. I have also focused on why some of our conservation strategies and efforts are not working out the way they were supposed to be. In doing so, I have tried to prove that countries like Bangladesh, who are still striving to develop should focus on forest conservation. My hypothesis is that Bangladesh has the capability to both conserve its forest resources and grow economically at the same time, and create means for poverty elevation by conserving. In the second portion I have focused on a more comprehensive way to sustainable forest conservation, backing up my statements by expert opinions and case studies, and at the end a bit of focus was put on biodiversity importance and its conservation practices and strategies. I have also mentioned some economic, social and policy instruments that can be implemented in order to conserve forests better. I have used some primary data, from specific experts on forests, but my main data sources are secondary sources, mainly the Internet and books. The full list of references is given in the work-cited portion at the end of the paper. From the very beginning of civilization, human beings have depended heavily on forests for their survival. Cradles of civilization, places of beauty, sources of spiritual inspiration, and treasure houses of natural riches, forests are closely linked with the physical, economic, and spiritual well being of people. Man has depended on forests for lumber and furniture, medicine and cosmetics, firewood and food, drinking water and fresh air, respite and recreation. Despite their central role in the well being of people, forests are threatened by human actions on a scale and pace far beyond nature's capacity to adapt. Forests are being destroyed around the globe at a scale, which has already passed the â€Å"alarming† stage. Reasons such as land shortage, urbanization, agriculture, excessive and unsustainable timber extraction have led to cutting down of miles upon miles of pristine forest land. In 2002 alone, 10,000 square miles in Brazil's Amazon region were deforested due to logging, ranching, farming, and infrastructure development. In Africa's Congo Basin, roads built into legally protected areas like national parks by illegal loggers provided access for bush meat poachers and contributed to an increase in forest fires. (Overview). Although recently, the importance of forests has been realized to a degree, enough importance has not yet been put into the conservation sector so as to actually retain the remaining percentage of forest cover the world has left. In this paper I have discussed just how much importance needs to be put on conservation of forests, why this needs to be done, how it can be done in a systematic, sustainable way, and what the aftermaths of not doing so may be. DEFINITIONS: For clarification purposes, a full list of definitions are given below so that the terms discussed in this paper are clear and not confused with other related terms. FOREST: The word â€Å"forests† originated from the Greek word â€Å"foris†, which means â€Å"out of doors†. Generally a large uncultivated area of land bearing trees and undergrowth is termed as a forest. Wild animals are also associated with this term, which includes their interaction with the trees and undergrowth and their abiotic surroundings (air, soil etc. ). L. S Davis defined forests as a set of land parcels, which has or could have tree vegetation. (Davis). CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION: These two terms are often confused with one another, but they refer to two slightly different concepts. Preservation of anything is basically keeping it in such manner that it cannot or should not be touched or used. For instance, if a forest is being preserved it means that it is to be kept untouched and nothing is to be extracted from it. It is to be left to its own accord. On the other hand, conservation implies more towards a sustained use, or use in a sustainable fashion. As in the example given above, if a forest is declared as conserved, it means that resources may be extracted in a systematic and accounted way, so as not to compromise the forests ability to replenish itself in terms of resources, and so that it may continue its intangible functions properly. SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The term refers to the existence and maintenance of a system, on its own accord, over a period of time, or that a system is able to stand and function by itself for a certain duration. This term then leads on to sustainable development, which the latest of concepts in development of a nation and its entities. Sustainable development means the development targeted at making resources available both useful yet sustained, so as no to compromise it for future generations. FOREST MANAGEMENT: The society of American Foresters (1958) defined forest management as â€Å"the application of business methods and technical forestry principles to the operation of forestry property. † (American). Generally put, forest management is the maintenance of forests in such a way that it is protected and conserved at the same time. In other words it the system by which we make sure that we extract resources from the forest in a sustained way (sustainable yields) and so that the forest does not lose its credibility. Forests come in various types and properties. They range from tropical evergreen rain forests along the equator of the earth, to temperate and boreal forests in northern America and Russia. The world's tropical forests, which circle the globe, are interestingly diverse. Ranging from the steamy jungles of the rain forests to the dry forests and savannas, they provide habitat for millions of species of plants and animals. Once covering some 15. 3 billion acres (6. 2 billion ha), these tropical forests have been reduced through cutting and clearing by 210 million acres (85 million ha) between 1985 and 1990. (Louise). This is in fact the story in most parts of the world. Bangladesh for instance is losing its natural forestland at an alarming rate of 3. 3% a year, which is the third highest rate in the world after Jamaica and Haiti. (Miller, 641). Although plantations have gone up in percentage during the last few years, especially strip plantations, which are a recent phenomenon in Bangladesh, especially in Dhaka, natural forests are still on the decrease. This can be seen in the table below, as of the year 2000, which also includes comparisons to Asia and the world as a whole. Yet probably the saddest story to be told is that of the world’s tropical forests. Although tropical rainforests cover less than six percent of the earth’s land surface, they are extraordinarily endowed with millions of animal species and represent seventy-five million years of evolutionary stability. Covering a land area approximately the size of the United States, tropical forests are being rapidly degraded, the equivalent of the combined areas of Ohio and Indiana each year. According to some experts, almost half the world’s tropical forests have already been wiped of the face of the earth for good. If we look at the table given below, we can get an estimate of what the situation really is at present. Data is set as of research till the year 2000. |Forest Area and Change |Bangladesh |Asia (excl. Middle East) |World | |Total forest area, 2000 (000 ha) |1334 |504180 |3869455 | |Natural forest area, 2000 (000 ha) |709 |375824 |3682722 | |Plantations area, 2000 (000 ha) |625 |110953 186733 | |Total dry land area, 1950-1981 (000 ha) {a} |0 |1078121 |5059984 | |Change in forest area: | |   |Total, 1990-2000 |14 % |-1 % |-2 % | |   |Natural, 1990-2000 |-7 % |-1 % |-4 % | |   |Plantations, 1990-2000 |4 % |5 % |3 % | |Original forest {b} as a percent of | |   |total land area {c} |100 % |X |48 % | |Forest area in 2000 as a percent of | |   |total land area {c} |9 % |20 % |29 % | |   |   |   |   |   | FIG: table has been taken from an article titled â€Å"Forest Conservation† from the Earth Trends website. Ecosystem Areas by Type | |Total land area |14400 |2494475 |13328979 | |Percent of total land area covered by: | |   |Forests |12 % |17 % |24 % | |   |Shrublands, savanna, and grasslands |3 % |37 % |37 % | |   | | |   |mosaic |73 % |34 % |20 % | |   |Urban and built-up areas |0. 2 % |0. 2 % |0. 2 % | |   |Sparse or barren vegetation; snow and ice |0 % |10 % |16 % | |   |Wetlands and water bodies |11 % |2 % |3 % | The total global forest cover has decreased by approximately 4% in just 10 years, and Bangladesh has lost more than 7% of its natural forest resources. This is alarming in more than just environmental perspectives. Yet, when we look into conservation possibilities, all sides, sectors, direct and indirect reasons need to be assessed before coming to any kind of decision. Since this paper is about the conservation needs of forests, all such sectors and sides have been touched in the following sections. Before the dawn of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, forests and open woodland covered about 15. 3 billion acres (6. 2 billion ha) of the globe. Over the centuries, however, about one-third of these natural forests have been destroyed. According to a 1982 study by FAO, about 27. 9 million acres (11. million ha) of tropical forests are cut each year-an area about the size of the States of Ohio or Virginia. Between 1985 and 1990, an estimated 210 million acres (85 million ha) of tropical forests were cut or cleared. In India, Malaysia, and the Philippines, the best commercial forests are gone, and cutting is increasing in South America. (J. Louise). Several factors are responsible for deforestation: clearing for agriculture, fuel woodcutting, and harvesting of wood products. By far the most important of these is clearing for agriculture. In the Tropics, the age-old practice of shifting, sometimes called â€Å"slash-and-burn,† agriculture has been used for centuries. In this primitive system, local people cut a small patch of forest to make way for subsistence farming. After a few years, soil fertility declines and people move on, usually to cut another patch of trees and begin another garden. In the abandoned plot, the degraded soil at first supports only weeds and shrubby trees. Later, soil fertility and trees return, but that may take decades. As population pressure increases, the fallow (rest) period between cycles of gardening is shortened, agricultural yields decrease, and the forest region is further degraded to small trees, brush, or eroded savanna. Conversion to sedentary agriculture is an even greater threat to tropical forests. Vast areas that once supported tropical forests are now permanently occupied by subsistence farmers and ranchers and by commercial farmers who produce sugar, cocoa, palm oil, and other products. In many tropical countries there is a critical shortage of firewood. For millions of rural poor, survival depends on finding enough wood to cook the evening meal. Every year more of the forest is destroyed, and the distance from home to the forest increases. Not only do people suffer by having to spend much of their time in the search for wood, but so does the land. Damage is greatest in dry tropical forests where firewood cutting converts forests to savannas and grasslands. The global demand for tropical hardwoods, an $8-billion-a-year industry, also contributes to forest loss. Tropical forests are usually selectively logged rather than clear-cut. Selective logging leaves the forest cover intact but usually reduces its commercial value because the biggest and best trees are removed. Selective logging also damages remaining trees and soil, increases the likelihood of fire, and degrades the habitat for wildlife species that require large, old trees-the ones usually cut. In addition, logging roads open up the forests to shifting cultivation and permanent settlement. In the past, logging was done primarily by primitive means-trees were cut with axes and logs were moved with animals such as oxen. Today the use of modern machinery–chain saws, tractors, and trucks -makes logging easier, faster, and potentially more destructive. In Bangladesh, it is more or less the same picture. Being a developing country which is yet striving to stand on its own feet, it is still extracting its only, and few available resources such as forests for the sake of rapid economic growth. Further more, the lack of land space is forcing settlers to encroach upon forest land, in order to use it for agriculture and fisheries purposes. The poor are using forests as means for survival, and there is little the administration (local governments and forest department) can do to stop illegal encroachment in forests. Yet even so, as I have stated in my hypothesis, it is possible for a country like Bangladesh to conserve forests and elevate poverty at the same time, and the following sections will consist of exactly how this may be achieved. In his article â€Å"Conservation Strategy: Rationale and a Framework†, Dr. Mizanur Rahman Khan says, â€Å"†¦there is a difference in perspective regarding what to conserve and how to conserve. One group, often dubbed as ‘radical greens’, argue that the global environmental problems have already reached a crisis proportion and require a ‘fire fighting’ strategy. On the other side of the fence, there are ‘free-market’ environmentalists who argue that environmental laws and regulations impose unfair burdens on the economy and on individuals. † A balance between the two is what Dr. M Khan thinks is required, and he goes on to say that the protection of the environment is an essential part of development and that this is globally recognized. In this light, when we look at the conservation efforts being made to conserve the forests of Bangladesh, it is almost immediately clear that most of the above stated conditions are not being applied. Problems with definitions of protected areas still remain, and hence loop holes give people the chance to illegally encroach upon the land. So the question is now, what is there to be done? What steps should Bangladesh authorities take to prevent such anomalies and protect the forests we have? A simple solution is given by Dr. Abdur Rob Khan, a well known economist and research director at Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, when he was asked as to what Bangladesh can do. Dr Rob says: â€Å"Indeed Bangladesh does have the capability to both conserve and elevate poverty at the same time. To do that, the first and most obvious step is to introduce participatory forestry. The stake holders have to be identified and given proper priority in terms of their needs and requirements. Second, we have far too less forest cover, only about 6-7% of the total land area right now. This has to be doubled. This can be done by introducing social forestry, homestead forestry and road side forestry. Once these two steps have been undertaken, we can then head on towards poverty elevation, because both these steps will not only help the nation as a whole, but also see to the needs of the local people in and around forests. Other wise, conservation may face an early death, and we may as well lose our forests. † The points upheld by Dr. Abdur Rob are to great degrees true. Indeed, the only way to ensure the survival of a resource and the people associated with it is to introduce those people into its management and care. Below I have stated some of the ways to o this and also some other steps towards conserving forests. PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY: (Social Forestry) To involve the local people, and to pick out the stake holders, the initial thing that needs to be done is to get to know the social aspects of the people involved. This process is called â€Å"Focus Group Discussions† Basically; authority people have to go to the locality and get to know the social life styles of the local people. This is done by conducting such discussions with selected people from the locality. A questionnaire is made which involves everything ranging from average yearly income to what festivals they have and their matrimonial practices. Once this can be done, stake holders can be identified and selected out. They are then involved in to the management regimes, including decision making privileges to resource extraction etc. In depth discussions are then held with the selected people and local leaders to figure out how benefits are to be shared. Both tangible and intangible benefits from the forest are then held up to the people. Participatory forestry can be seen in practice in the strip plantations in and around Dhaka along side roads and rail lines. These are basically community based resource management schemes, from which involved people receive benefits in future for their present services, hence encouraging them to conserve the site. ANCIENT FORESTRY PRACTICES In ancient Persia (now Iran), forest protection and nature conservation laws were in effect as early as 1,700 B. C. Two thousand years ago the Chinese practiced what they called â€Å"four sides† forestry-trees were planted on house side, village side, road side, and water side. More than 1,000 years ago, Javanese maharajahs brought in teak and began to cultivate it. In the African Tropics, agro forestry (growing of food crops n association with trees) has been practiced for hundreds of years. Relatively little is known about tropical forestry before the mid 1800's in most places. At that time, the European colonial empires notably the Dut ch, English, and Spanish-brought modern forest management practices to Indonesia, India, Africa, and the Caribbean. Centers for forestry and forestry research were established, and more careful records were kept. (J. Louise). SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY Modern forestry has its basis in 18th-century Germany. Like the Chinese and the Mayan forest practices, German forestry is essentially agricultural. Trees are managed as a crop. Two concepts are important: renewability and sustainability. Renewability means that trees can be replanted and seeded and harvested over and over again on the same tract of land in what are known as crop â€Å"rotations. † Sustainability means that forest harvest can be sustained over the long term. How far into the future were foresters expected to plan? As long as there were vast acres of virgin (original) forests remaining, this question was somewhat academic. Today, however, sustainability is a vital issue in forestry. Most of the world's virgin forests are gone, and people must rely more and more on second- growth or managed forests. Perhaps we now face, as never before, the limits to long-term productivity. In the German forest model, forestry is viewed as a continual process of harvest and regeneration. Harvest of wood products is a goal, but a forester's principal tasks are to assure long-term productivity. That is achieved by cutting the older, mature, and slow-growing timber to make way for a new crop of young, fast-growing trees. HARVEST REGENRATION METHOD Three examples of timber harvest-regeneration methods (silvicultural systems) illustrate how foresters manage stands to produce timber on a sustained basis. SELECTION Individual trees or small groups of trees are harvested as they become mature. Numerous small openings in the forest are created in which saplings or new seedlings can grow. The resulting forest has a continuous forest canopy and trees of all ages. Such systems favor slow-growing species that are shade tolerant. CLEAR CUTTING In clear cutting, an entire stand of trees is removed in one operation. From the forester's point of view, clear cutting is the easiest way to manage a forest-and the most economical. Regeneration may come from sprouts on stumps, from seedlings that survive the logging operation, or from seeds that germinate after the harvest. If natural regeneration is delayed longer than desired, the area is planted or seeded. Clear cutting systems are often used to manage fast-growing species that require a lot of light. Resulting stands are even aged because all the trees in an area are cut-and regenerated-at the same time. Clear cutting has become controversial in recent years because it has the potential to damage watersheds and because it tends to eliminate species of wildlife dependent on old growth trees. If clear cuts are kept small and the cutting interval is long enough, however, biological diversity may not be impaired. SHELTERWOOD In Shelterwood systems, the forest canopy is removed over a period of years, usually in two cuttings. After the first harvest, natural regeneration begins in the understory. By the time the second harvest is made, enough young trees have grown to assure adequate regeneration. Shelterwood systems favor species that are intermediate in tolerance to shade. Such systems are difficult to use successfully and are the least used of the three silvicultural methods described. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS: It seems that the obvious conclusion would be, as Dr. Rob said, that social forestry is the best option available to us at present. This will not only enable Bangladesh to conserve its few remaining forests, but also use those forests efficiently as a tool to poverty elevation. In fact this is not the first time research on Bangladesh forests has led to such conclusions. Many experts have done similar such research and have come to find this sort of forestry as efficient means of conservation. [pic] . Fig: Plantation in Shatchori reserved forest. Bangladesh yet faces many hard steps to the stage we call developed. Even now, it faces harden blockades when the question of conservation arises. Poverty, high population, land shortage, illegal encroachment, political disfucntionings and sheer ignorance of duty are just some of the barricades that hold us back from preserving the few resources we have left in this once lushly rich country. It not as though we are not conserving. Indeed, plantations have come up across the country in what seems hopeful ways. It seems that there is yet hope for us and our forests. Shatchari, Modhupur, Lawachara, Medakochapia are some bright names in our success books concerning plantation forestry. Yet I raise the question to the jury, is this what we really want for us? Do we really want to see some time in the future that the country is devoid of its natural forests and has only plantations left? Plantations, Strip plantations, mono-cultures, botanical gardens are very good in terms of forest cover, but if we lose all our natural forests, what would happen to all the hundreds of species of animals and birds that we have? We would lose them forever. Will it be possible for us to conserve them to? The case stands for the rest of the world as well. Tropical forests are being deforested at a football field size a day. Very soon, perhaps sooner than we think, we will lose what we have left to the greed of a few ignorant people. Will it not shame us to think that we human beings will be responsible of wiping out all other species just for the sake of our comfort? Is this not a question of ethics? It remains to be seen as to how Bangladesh, less to say the rest of the world acts to save its forests, yet perhaps it is not wise to just sit and wait for some miracle to happen. It is time we put on our thinking caps and stepped out into the field, and tried our best to see to that we leave the few natural pristine forests remaining at peace with themselves. Work cited: †¢ Mastrantonio J. Louise. â€Å"CONSERVATION OF FORESTS†. Online journal. nd. 18th December 2006. http://www. fs. fed. us/global/lzone/student/tropical. htm †¢ Forests of the World. â€Å"Forestry Overview†. Online article. nd. 19th December 2006. http://www. worldwildlife. org/forests/ †¢ Davis, L. S 1966. â€Å"Forest Management†. 1st edition. pp 790. †¢ Earth Trends. â€Å"Forest Conservation†. Online Journal. nd. 19th December 2006. http://earthtrends. wri. org/text/biodiversity-protected/country-profiles. html Forest Conservation. â€Å"Enterprise for the Americas in Action†. Online article. nd. 19th December 2006. http://www. earthvoice. org/animal. habitat/forest. conservation. htm †¢ Khan, Mizanur Rahman. â€Å"Conservation Strategy: Rationale and a Framework†. Conservation and Sustainable Development. †¢ Interview : Dr. Abdur Rob Khan. Research Director at Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 20th December 2006.